1. Discuss the components required for successful communications.
     =) Successful communications require a sending device that initiates an instruction to transmit data, instructions or information, a communications device that converts or formats the data, instructions or information from the sending device into signals carried by a communications channel, and a communications channel or path on which the signals travel. Also required are a communications device that receives signals from the communications channel and converts or formats them so the receiving device can understand the signals, and a receiving device that accepts the data, instructions or information.

2. Identify various sending and receiving devices.  

    =)Sending device — initiates instruction to transmit data,instruction, or information.

    =)Receiving Device - accepts transmission of data,instruction, or information.

	Microcomputers, minicomputers, and mainframes  all can serve as sending and receiving devices.
	Besides, Internet appliances and Web enabled  handheld computers and devices  (e.g., cellular telephones and pagers)  can also serve as sending and receiving devices.

3. Describe uses of computer communications.
    =)A computer network is an interconnection of various computer systems located at different places. In computer network two or more computers are linked together with a medium and data communication devices for the purpose of communicating data and sharing resources. The computer that provides resources to other computers on a network is known as server. In the network the individual computers, which access shared network resources, are known as workstations or nodes.
4. List advantages of using a network.
 *share software

 *share information with others on networks

 *share peripherals

 *speed of sharing software and information files

 *cheaper than buying individual software and hardware for each standalone

 *security, files can be copy inhibit mode  

 *Connectivity and Communication

 *Data Sharing

 *Hardware Sharing

 *Internet Access Sharing

 *Performance Enhancement and Balancing

 *Entertainment

 5. Differentiate among client/server, peer-to-peer, and P2P networks.

    =) Client/server describes the relationship between two computer programs in which one program , the client, makes a service request from another system, the server, which fulfills the request. In a network, the client/server model provides a convenient way to efficiently interconnect programs that are distributed across different locations

        =) Another structure for a distributes system is the peer - to peer (P2P)system model. In this model, clients and servers are not distinguished from one another; instead, all nodes within the system may act as either client or a server, depending on whether it is requesting or prividing a service.
In client server system , the server is a bottle neck; but in a peer-to peer system, services can be provided by several nodes throughout the network.

6. Describe the various network communications standards.

standards organizations of relevance for communications protocols are the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), theInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The IETF maintains the protocols in use on the Internet. The IEEE controls many software and hardware protocols in the electronics industry for commercial and consumer devices. The ITU is an umbrella organization of telecommunications engineers designing the public switched telephone network (PSTN), as well as many radio communication systems. For marine electronics the NMEA standards are used. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) produces protocols and standards for Web technologies.

International standards organizations are supposed to be more impartial than local organizations with a national or commercial self-interest to consider. Standards organizations also do research and development for standards of the future. In practice, the standards organizations mentioned, cooperate closely with each other
7. Explain the purpose of communications software.

    =)Communication software is used to provide remote access to systems and is also used to exchange messages in text, audio and video format for the purpose of communication. These software send and receive data over telephone lines through modems. The communication software allows computers in different geographical regions to communicate with each other through terminal emulators, file transfer programs, chat and instant messaging programs. 

8. Describe various types of lines for communications over the telephone network.

9. Describe commonly used communications devices.

=)Any kind of radio or TV 
=)Computers 
=)servers 
=)routers 
=)cables 
=)ethernet bridges 
=)satellites 
=)CDs 
=)DVDs 
=)CD players 
=)DVD players 
=)Tape players 
=)Stereo/hi-fi sets 
=)speakers
10. Discuss different ways to set up a home network.

11. Identify various physical and wireless transmission media.

QIUZ :( 5

1. Differentiate between storage devices and storage media.
    + Storage device A device capable of storing data. The term usually refers to mass storage devices, such as disk and tape drives.
       is a hardware device capable of storing information. There are two storage devices used in computers; a primary storage device such as computer RAM and a secondary storage device such as a computer hard disk drive. 
    + Storage media are devices that store application and user information. The primary storage media for a computer is usually the internal hard drive. Most internal drives are regular IDE hard drives that come with the computer. A removable drive is another popular storage device that is usually connected by fire wire, USB, or parallel port (e.g. portable Zip drives, Jaz drives, or CD/DVD drives). Newer forms of external storage 
include USB thumb drives and camera storage media.
2. Identify the uses of tape, magnetic stripe cards, smart cards, microfilm and microfiche, and enterprise storage.
    +Magnetic stripe cards 
First used in the early 1960s, magnetic stripe technology, occasionally called "magstripe," remains as an effective form of information storage. While other technologies have come onto the market, magnetic stripe cards are still a cheap, easily implemented system that is seen and used by millions of people every day. The information that is encoded onto the stripe is usually unique to the cardholder and helps to identify that person.

    +A smart card, typically a type of chip card, is a plastic card that contains an embedded computer chip–either amemory or microprocessor type–that stores and transacts data. This data is usually associated with either value, information, or both and is stored and processed within the card's chip. The card data is transacted via a reader that is part of a computing system. Systems that are enhanced with smart cards are in use today throughout several key applications, including healthcare, banking, entertainment, and transportation. All applications can benefit from the added features and security that smart cards provide. 

    +tape drive Tapes have been the cornerstone of corporate backup, disaster recovery, and business continuity strategies for 

years. Now, changing backup requirements due to regulations such as Sarbanes-Oxley, new data retention laws, and 

the explosion in the amount of data that needs to be backed 

up are placing new demands on tape systems. 

To deal with these new challenges, companies are moving 

to tape automation to reduce human error, save IT staff time, 

and speed up data recovery and file restoration. At the same 

time, some backup duties are being shifted to disk-based 

backup systems allowing companies to take advantage of 

the best of both worlds. 

         +Enterprise storage is a centralized repository for business information that provides common data management and protection, as well as data sharing functions, through connections to numerous (and possibly dissimilar) computer systems. Developed as a solution for the enterprise that deals with heavy workloads of business-critical information, enterprise storage systems should be scalable for workloads of up to 300 gigabytes without relying on excessive cabling or the creation of subsystems. Other important aspects of the enterprise storage system are unlimited connectivity and support for all the different platforms in operation.

 
3. Describe the various types of flash memory storage: solid state drives, memory cards, USB flash drives, and ExpressCard modules.
4. Differentiate among various types of optical discs: CDs, archive discs and Picture CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs.
5. Summarize the characteristics of ink-jet printers, photo printers, laser printers, multifunction peripherals, thermal printers, mobile printers, label and postage printers, and plotters and large-format printers

quiz 3..♥ :(

1. Describe the four categories of output.

 Text consists of characters (letters, numbers, punctuation marks, or any other symbol requiring one byte of computer storage space) that are used to create words, sentences, and paragraphs. 
Graphics are digital representations of nontext information such as drawings, charts, photographs, and animation (a series of still images in rapid sequence that gives the illusion of motion). 
Audio is music, speech, or any other sound. 
Video consists of images played back at speeds to provide the appearance of full motion.
2. The characteristics of LCD monitors, LCD screens, plasma monitors, and HDTVs.
LCD's Over the last decade, the display of choice has been the monochrome character liquid crystal display (or LCD display as it is commonly referred to, despite the grammatical error). The format of two lines of sixteen characters has become the norm, despite many other variants. This format has become so popular that in most cases smaller LCD displays are actually more expensive, simply due to the economics of supply – LCDs in the 2 × 16 format are manufactured in such large quantities that the manufacturing cost is much lower than those for simpler displays. This lower manufacturing cost is reflected in the price we pay for the component, even when purchasing just one.

The popularity of the 2 × 16 character LCD is such that many manufacturers produce their own displays with a compatible interface. In many cases, displays from different manufacturers are indistinguishable from each other and this makes the designer’s life much easier. There is nothing worse than writing a constructional article using some specialist component, only to fi nd the sole manufacturer has stopped making it by the time your article is published! These LCD displays all bear the same characteristics. The display area is arranged as 32-character cells. Each cell is a uniform array of 35 small dots, arranged in a grid fi ve wide by seven tall.

The LCD display is mounted on a small PCB that contains one or two ICs which provide the interface (control) between the display itself and your microcontroller. A small read only memory (ROM) within the control IC simplifies the means by which you write information onto the display – you specify an ASCII character code, and the controller will draw the corresponding dots in a character cell. The controller IC has a small amount of RAM too, which can be used to display user-generated graphical symbols within a character cell. This is useful for creating icons (a battery symbol for example) but as the display is arranged as a collection of character cells, it is not possible to write in the gaps between characters, and so a full display sized graphical image cannot be produced.These displays have other drawbacks too.
LCD's screen The pixels in LCD panels work by passing polarized light through filter layers. To light up a pixel, the liquid crystal component in each pixel applies a ‘twist’ to the light after it passes through the first polarizing layer, making it able to pass through the second. Unlike CRT displays, where what you see is caused by the phosphor coating inside the glass tube being excited by electron beams, the light emitted from an LCD screen makes its way through multiple layers, channeled out through each pixel. This is the root cause of this technology’s biggest Achilles’ heel: view an LCD screen from straight on and you’ll see each pixel exactly as intended. But view it from far enough to one side - or above or below for that matter - and you won’t get the direct, face-on strength of the light beaming out of the pixels. To use a very crude analogy, it is a little like the difference between viewing a light at the base of a tube from face on or from off to one side. Only one viewpoint gets the full strength of the light as it shines out. The result is changes in the values of what’s shown on the screen depending on where you sit. This is clearly a disaster for colour proofing, and something that no amount of calibration can help.

Older LCD screens had such a narrow field of view that merely leaning over a bit or just sitting up straight in the chair would produce obvious visual changes. This isn't the case with newer displays, but it is worth noting that if you sit quite close to today’s larger panels your angle of view from one side to the other and from top to bottom can be great enough to produce colour shifts in objects simply though being in different parts of the screen. Although LCD technology is constantly improving, the increase in display sizes tends to make this somewhat of a ‘two steps forward, one step back’ situation, particularly with the very largest LCD panels now on offer. 
Plasma displays are bright (1000 lux or higher for the module), have a wide color gamut, and can be produced in fairly large sizes, up to 381 cm (150 inches) diagonally. They have a very low-luminance "dark-room" black level compared to the lighter grey of the unilluminated parts of an LCD screen. The display panel is only about 6 cm (2.5 inches) thick, while the total thickness, including electronics, is less than 10 cm (4 inches). Plasma displays use as much power per square meter as a CRT or an AMLCD television. Power consumption varies greatly with picture content, with bright scenes drawing significantly more power than darker ones, as is also true of CRTs. Nominal power rating is typically 400 watts for a 50-inch (127 cm) screen. Post-2006 models consume 220 to 310 watts for a 50-inch (127 cm) display when set to cinema mode. Most screens are set to 'shop' mode by default, which draws at least twice the power (around 500-700 watts) of a 'home' setting of less extreme brightness.

The lifetime of the latest generation of plasma displays is estimated at 100,000 hours of actual display time, or 27 years at 10 hours per day. This is the estimated time over which maximum picture brightness degrades to half the original value, not catastrophic failure.

Plasma displays also have their drawbacks. They are often criticized for reflecting more ambient light than LCD displays. The screen is made from glass, which reflects more light than the material used to make an LCD screen, which creates a glare. Although companies such as Panasonic coat their newer plasma screens with an anti-glare filter. Plasma panels currently cannot be made in screen sizes smaller than 32". Although few companies have been able to make plasma EDTVs this small, even fewer have made 32" plasma HDTVs. The 32" screen size is also "going extinct". Plasma displays are also considered bulky and thick (usually six inches in depth) compared to their LCD conterparts. Although 2009 high-end displays, such as Panasonic's Z1 and Samsung's B860 series can as slim as one inch thick. Plamsa displays also tend to consume more electricity than LCD displays. Panasonic, aims to solve this dilema by using Neo-PDP screens for their 2009 series of Viera plasma HDTVs. Panasonic states that the PDPs will consume half the power of the previous series to achive the same overall brightness.

Competing displays include the CRT, OLED, AMLCD, DLP, SED-tv, and field emission flat panel displays. Advantages of plasma display technology are that a large, very thin screen can be produced, and that the image is very bright and has a wide viewing angle. The viewing angle characteristics of plasma displays and flat-face CRTs are essentially the same, topping all LCD displays, which have a reduced viewing angle in at least one direction. Plasma TVs also do not exhibit an image blur common in many LCD TVs.
HDTV's Aside from the specific technical features already listed, there are some standard characteristics that can be compared between any two HDTVs. These all figure into how accurately your HDTV will reproduce the picture from various sources. At the end of the day the important thing is comparing different TVs with your own eyes. Each has a unique set of strengths and weaknesses, and the best picture for you is always subjective, determined largely by which imperfections bother you the most. 

Traditional LCD displays aren't very good at reproducing very dark colors because there's always light behind evey pixel. This can be mostly eliminated by LED backlighting, although right now that's only available on high end LCD HDTVs. DLP and plasma HDTVs don't generally have any problems in this area. 
Just as a HDTV should produce dark blacks, it should also produce bright whites. Even though LCDs are generally not as bright as DLP or plasma HDTVs, they may seem brighter due to their high color saturation. 
How much brighter the whitest white is than the blackest black is a huge component of accurate color reproduction. Your eye is much more sensitive to changes in brightness than in hue (color variation). If you want good color you have to start with correct brightness, and correct contrast assures each step from completely dark to full brightness is also correct. Poor contrast can result in either washed out color in very bright video or loss of detail in dark areas. Due to the combination of factors that go into black level and brightness, DLP HDTVs have varying contrast, largely determined by the quality of their color wheel. This is where plasma excels due to its combination of good black levels and brightness, generally resulting in the best contrast. 
The picture displayed on a HDTV may be processed in a number of ways before getting being displayed. It can be sharpened, which can make edges crisp but also create jagged lines in place of smooth edges. Smoothing can reduce jagged edges at the expense of a certain amount of detail. Neither is objectively superior, so you'll have to judge for yourself what makes a good picture. Just be aware that even with the same underlying technology and resolution, two HDTVs can have vastly different pictures. 
3. What are the components inside the systems units.


PSU is a part of a computer that supplies power to the rest of the computer. A cord is plugged into the wall that leads to the Out side of the computer and is plugged into the PSU.
Motherboard: The main circuit board in system unit is called the motherboard, it contains adaptor cards processor and memory chips. The mother can also be called the system board. 
Chip: A chip is a small semi-conducting material where intergrated circuits can be etched. Integrated circuits have many microscopic pathways capable of carrying electric current. Chips are packed in a certain way so they can be connected to a circiut board. 
Central processing unit (CPU): The CPU carries and interprets basic instructions that can operate a computer. The control unit coordinates operations in a computer. The Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) does arithmetic, comparison and logical operations. This can also be known as the processor. 
Machine cycle: The machine cycle is the name of the four operations of the CPU. The first step is to 'fetch' the program instuction/data from the memory. The second step is to 'decode', which means translate the instruction into instructions. Step three is to 'execute', carry out the instruction. Finally step four is to 'store', write the result back to memory.

 4. The components of a processor and how they complete a machine cycle.




5. Define a bit and describe how a series of bits represents data.
6. Identify the categories of application software.
7. Identify the key features of widely used business programs.
8. What are the advantages of using application software on the Web.
9. History of the Internet.
10. What are diferent storage devices.

Quiz...

1. Describe various types of pen input, and identify other types of input for smart phones.


There are several methods of getting data into your computer. Some include using a mouse of which there are several different types such as mechanical mouse, optical mouse and cordless mouse.


Stylus and Cursor - Stylus pen is actually like a ballpoint pen. It's utilized to compose textual content or make lines (or generate drawings and also pictures) on the exclusively developed graphics display or digitized. 

Digitizer - A Digitizer is also called a graphic tablet and uses a pen input device. It's a flat, rectangle-shaped digital plastic material pad. Every position to the digitizer points to matching video display.


Light Pen - Light pen is actually one more pointing input gadget. This will pick up on existence of light. It's a hand held pen fashioned gadget having a photocell installed in it's front-end. 

Several portable personal computers make use of touch screens which permit someone to enter any data and even to enable selections in the monitor utilizing a stylus pen or a digital pen. PDA's utilize pen input devices along with tablet Computers quite often use a digital pen


electrical light pen input instrument іѕ usually combined wіth сrеаtіnɡ computer software. Designed screen data files аrе usually joined using a light pen simply bу directing іt tο ԁіѕрƖау positions. 


2. The purpose of various game controllers: gamepads, joysticksand wheels, light guns, dance pads,
and motion-sensing game controllers.


. 
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3. Explain how resolution affects the quality of a picture captured on a
digital camera.
4. Describe the uses of voice recognition, Web cams, and video conferencing.
5. Discuss how various scanners and reading devices work: optical scanners,
optical readers, bar code readers, RFID readers, magnetic stripe card
readers, MICR readers, and data collection devices.
6. Summarize the various biometric devices: fingerprint reader, face
recognition system, hand geometry system, voice verification system,
signature verification system, and iris recognition system

FATHER'S LOVE LETTER

My Child,

You may not know me,
but I know everything about you.
Psalm 139:1

I know when you sit down and when you rise up.
Psalm 139:2

I am familiar with all your ways.
Psalm 139:3

Even the very hairs on your head are numbered.
Matthew 10:29-31

For you were made in my image.
Genesis 1:27

In me you live and move and have your being.
Acts 17:28

For you are my offspring.
Acts 17:28

I knew you even before you were conceived.
Jeremiah 1:4-5

I chose you when I planned creation.
Ephesians 1:11-12

You were not a mistake,
for all your days are written in my book.
Psalm 139:15-16

I determined the exact time of your birth
and where you would live.
Acts 17:26

You are fearfully and wonderfully made.
Psalm 139:14

I knit you together in your mother's womb.
Psalm 139:13

And brought you forth on the day you were born.
Psalm 71:6

I have been misrepresented
by those who don't know me.
John 8:41-44

I am not distant and angry,
but am the complete expression of love.
1 John 4:16

And it is my desire to lavish my love on you.
1 John 3:1

Simply because you are my child
and I am your Father.
1 John 3:1

I offer you more than your earthly father ever could.
Matthew 7:11

For I am the perfect father.
Matthew 5:48

Every good gift that you receive comes from my hand.
James 1:17

For I am your provider and I meet all your needs.
Matthew 6:31-33

My plan for your future has always been filled with hope.
Jeremiah 29:11

Because I love you with an everlasting love.
Jeremiah 31:3

My thoughts toward you are countless
as the sand on the seashore.
Psalms 139:17-18

And I rejoice over you with singing.
Zephaniah 3:17

I will never stop doing good to you.
Jeremiah 32:40

For you are my treasured possession.
Exodus 19:5

I desire to establish you
with all my heart and all my soul.
Jeremiah 32:41

And I want to show you great and marvelous things.
Jeremiah 33:3

If you seek me with all your heart,
you will find me.
Deuteronomy 4:29

Delight in me and I will give you
the desires of your heart.
Psalm 37:4

For it is I who gave you those desires.
Philippians 2:13

I am able to do more for you
than you could possibly imagine.
Ephesians 3:20

For I am your greatest encourager.
2 Thessalonians 2:16-17

I am also the Father who comforts you
in all your troubles.
2 Corinthians 1:3-4

When you are brokenhearted,
I am close to you.
Psalm 34:18

As a shepherd carries a lamb,
I have carried you close to my heart.
Isaiah 40:11

One day I will wipe away
every tear from your eyes.
Revelation 21:3-4

And I'll take away all the pain
you have suffered on this earth.
Revelation 21:3-4

I am your Father, and I love you
even as I love my son, Jesus.
John 17:23

For in Jesus, my love for you is revealed.
John 17:26

He is the exact representation of my being.
Hebrews 1:3

He came to demonstrate that I am for you,
not against you.
Romans 8:31

And to tell you that I am not counting your sins.
2 Corinthians 5:18-19

Jesus died so that you and I could be reconciled.
2 Corinthians 5:18-19

His death was the ultimate expression
of my love for you.
1 John 4:10

I gave up everything I loved
that I might gain your love.
Romans 8:31-32

If you receive the gift of my son Jesus,
you receive me.
1 John 2:23

And nothing will ever separate you
from my love again.
Romans 8:38-39

Come home and I'll throw the biggest party
heaven has ever seen.
Luke 15:7

I have always been Father,
and will always be Father.
Ephesians 3:14-15

My question is…
Will you be my child?
John 1:12-13

I am waiting for you.
Luke 15:11-32

Love, Your Dad
Almighty God