1. Discuss the components required for successful communications.
     =) Successful communications require a sending device that initiates an instruction to transmit data, instructions or information, a communications device that converts or formats the data, instructions or information from the sending device into signals carried by a communications channel, and a communications channel or path on which the signals travel. Also required are a communications device that receives signals from the communications channel and converts or formats them so the receiving device can understand the signals, and a receiving device that accepts the data, instructions or information.

2. Identify various sending and receiving devices.  

    =)Sending device — initiates instruction to transmit data,instruction, or information.

    =)Receiving Device - accepts transmission of data,instruction, or information.

	Microcomputers, minicomputers, and mainframes  all can serve as sending and receiving devices.
	Besides, Internet appliances and Web enabled  handheld computers and devices  (e.g., cellular telephones and pagers)  can also serve as sending and receiving devices.

3. Describe uses of computer communications.
    =)A computer network is an interconnection of various computer systems located at different places. In computer network two or more computers are linked together with a medium and data communication devices for the purpose of communicating data and sharing resources. The computer that provides resources to other computers on a network is known as server. In the network the individual computers, which access shared network resources, are known as workstations or nodes.
4. List advantages of using a network.
 *share software

 *share information with others on networks

 *share peripherals

 *speed of sharing software and information files

 *cheaper than buying individual software and hardware for each standalone

 *security, files can be copy inhibit mode  

 *Connectivity and Communication

 *Data Sharing

 *Hardware Sharing

 *Internet Access Sharing

 *Performance Enhancement and Balancing

 *Entertainment

 5. Differentiate among client/server, peer-to-peer, and P2P networks.

    =) Client/server describes the relationship between two computer programs in which one program , the client, makes a service request from another system, the server, which fulfills the request. In a network, the client/server model provides a convenient way to efficiently interconnect programs that are distributed across different locations

        =) Another structure for a distributes system is the peer - to peer (P2P)system model. In this model, clients and servers are not distinguished from one another; instead, all nodes within the system may act as either client or a server, depending on whether it is requesting or prividing a service.
In client server system , the server is a bottle neck; but in a peer-to peer system, services can be provided by several nodes throughout the network.

6. Describe the various network communications standards.

standards organizations of relevance for communications protocols are the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), theInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The IETF maintains the protocols in use on the Internet. The IEEE controls many software and hardware protocols in the electronics industry for commercial and consumer devices. The ITU is an umbrella organization of telecommunications engineers designing the public switched telephone network (PSTN), as well as many radio communication systems. For marine electronics the NMEA standards are used. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) produces protocols and standards for Web technologies.

International standards organizations are supposed to be more impartial than local organizations with a national or commercial self-interest to consider. Standards organizations also do research and development for standards of the future. In practice, the standards organizations mentioned, cooperate closely with each other
7. Explain the purpose of communications software.

    =)Communication software is used to provide remote access to systems and is also used to exchange messages in text, audio and video format for the purpose of communication. These software send and receive data over telephone lines through modems. The communication software allows computers in different geographical regions to communicate with each other through terminal emulators, file transfer programs, chat and instant messaging programs. 

8. Describe various types of lines for communications over the telephone network.

9. Describe commonly used communications devices.

=)Any kind of radio or TV 
=)Computers 
=)servers 
=)routers 
=)cables 
=)ethernet bridges 
=)satellites 
=)CDs 
=)DVDs 
=)CD players 
=)DVD players 
=)Tape players 
=)Stereo/hi-fi sets 
=)speakers
10. Discuss different ways to set up a home network.

11. Identify various physical and wireless transmission media.